Magnetic Charge Propagation upon a 3D Artificial Spin-ice - data

Atomic force microscopy

Filename: Fig1_AFM
File type: stp
Description: The AFM data presented in Fig. 1d. In the figure, a 3D representation of this data is displayed with a tilt of 0° (i.e. viewed from top-view), generated within the WsxM 4.0 software package.

Magnetic Force Microscopy
Folder: Field Reversals > L1
File type: stp
Description: 16 MFM images associated with the incremental, field-driven reversal of the L1 sub-lattice, presented in Fig. S6 and S8. Arrow maps representing snapshots of this dataset are given in Fig 4a-e. The field magnitude that was applied and subsequently removed prior to the capture of each image is given in the filename. This data can be opened and modified using various software packages for scanning probe microscopy, such as WSxM 4.0.

Folder: Field Reversals > L2
File type: stp
Description: 19 MFM images associated with the incremental, field-driven reversal of the L2 sub-lattice, presented in Fig. S7 and S9. Arrow maps representing snapshots of this dataset are given in Fig 4f-j. The field magnitude that was applied and subsequently removed prior to the capture of each image is given in the filename. This data can be opened and modified using various software packages for scanning probe microscopy, such as WSxM 4.0.

Folder: Fig2_Saturated
File type: stp
Description: 3 MFM images associated with the saturated states presented in Fig. 2 and S4. Saturating fields of 30 mT were applied parallel to the L1 and L2 sub-lattices before being removed prior to the capture of each image, as discussed in the main text. This data can be opened and modified using various software packages for scanning probe microscopy, such as WSxM 4.0.

Folder: Fig3_Intermediate
Filename: Fig3a_L1_intermediate_MFM
File type: stp
Description: MFM image associated with the intermediately magnetised state presented in Fig. 3a and S5a. The system was initially placed into a saturated state, before a field of 9.5 mT was applied parallel to the L1 sub-lattice to partially reverse this sub-lattice, as discussed in the main text. This data can be opened and modified using various software packages for scanning probe microscopy, such as WSxM 4.0.

Folder: Fig3_Intermediate
Filename: Fig3c_L2_intermediate_MFM
File type: stp
Description: MFM image associated with the intermediately magnetised state presented in Fig. 3c and S5b. The system was initially placed into a saturated state, before a field of 8.0 mT was applied parallel to the L2 sub-lattice to partially reverse this sub-lattice, as discussed in the main text. This data can be opened and modified using various software packages for scanning probe microscopy, such as WSxM 4.0.

Optical Magnetometry
Filename: Fig_S2_MOKE_Data
File type: opj (Origin project)
Description: Contains the data used to plot the hysteresis loops presented in Fig. S3, which was measured using MOKE magnetometry. This file was created using the 2016 version of the software package Origin. The data associated with the two hysteresis loops is stored in separate worksheets. Minor processing is performed (eg. Normalisation, background subtraction, conversion of T to mT) as described in the relevant column headings.

Monte-Carlo Simulations
Filename: Fig5g_Monte_Carlo_excited_fraction
File type: opj (Origin project)
Description: Contains the data used to plot the graph presented in Fig. 5g, illustrating the fraction of states that are excited above the ice rule as a function of applied field, for the Monte-Carlo simulations given in Fig. 5a-f and S14 (α = 6.45). This was performed using the 2016 version of the software package Origin.  

Filename: Monte-carlo_field_reversals
File type: .pptx (Microsoft PowerPoint)  
Description: Contains images of arrow maps which represent every Monte-Carlo simulation performed within this study. Arrows are arranged in a 3D diamond-bond lattice geometry to emulate the experimentally fabricated 3D artificial spin-ice, as discussed in the main text. Arrows are coloured according to the local in-plane magnetization. Arrows representing wires on the L1 and L2 sub-lattices have a black border, arrows representing wires on the L3 and L4 sub-lattices are borderless.  

Scanning electron microscopy
Filename: Fig1_False_colour_SEM1
File type: png
Description: The SEM data presented in Fig. 1b, the image shows a full 3D artificial spin-ice structure, captured using a Hitachi SU8230 scanning electron microscope. Viewed at a 45° angle with respect to the substrate plane. False colour has been added to the SEM data using Adobe Photoshop, the Ni81Fe19 nanowire lattice is grey and the underlying polymer scaffold is yellow.  

Filename: Fig1_False_colour_SEM2
File type: png
Description: The SEM data presented in Fig. 1c, the image shows a magnified region of a 3D artificial spin-ice structure, captured using a Hitachi SU8230 scanning electron microscope. Viewed at a 45° angle with respect to the substrate plane. False colour has been added to the SEM data using Adobe Photoshop, the L1 and L2 sub-lattices are red and blue respectively, whilst the underlying polymer scaffold is yellow.  

Filename: Supp_info_L1_angles
File type: tif
Description: The SEM data presented in Fig. S3, the image shows a magnified region of a 3D artificial spin-ice structure, captured using a Hitachi SU8230 scanning electron microscope. Viewed at a 45° angle with respect to the substrate plane. Lines have been annotated using the software package ImageJ to measure the angle which 50 L1 wires subtend from the substrate plane. 

Research results based upon these data are published at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23480-7